Sunday, 18 October 2015

Research: Intertextuality

Intertextuality is when references are made during music videos to either other people, films, or tv programmes. Also, Goodwin stated in his theory that intertextuality occurs in music videos e.g. Madonna's song "Gimme All Your Luvin" made references to Marilyn Monroe by copying her appearance, such as the hair and lipstick. This is usually done in order to gain more popularity in the media.


1) George Michael - "Shoot The Dog"

As a class, we analysed the "Shoot The Dog" music video. We found that there were various intertextual references made which were:

  • Tony Blair being George Bush's "Bitch"
  • Ginger Spice
  • The Simpsons
  • The Queen
  • Saddam Hussein
  • The White House
  • Trevor McDonald
  • David Beckham and Scholes.

These references caused major controversy in the media at the time as it was seen to be offensive to the people. There was offence taken to some of the traditions of English people. Also, the current affairs at the time of the video made it even more controversial as he made references to Saddam Hussein. However, this was beneficial to him as he was able to gain publicity.



examples of your own

2) Rihanna - American Oxygen
This video is all about America's freedom and achievements. Throughout the music video there's various links to the history of american culture. Examples of a few we see in the video are:

  • Obama becoming president 
  • Martin Luther King's speech 
  • World War 2
  • The Beatles 
  • Bob Marley
  • Neil Armstrong 
  • Wall Street 
  • 9/11
  • Drug Dealing
  • Mexican Boarder
  • Baseball
  • Police intimidation 
  • Muhammed Ali 
The references used in Rihanna's video are controversial because they stir up a lot of mixed emotions for the audience who were and still effected by the issues that have been displayed. However the message of the video was to show how much America has changed over time and that racism and sexism are not as common within the society. However this is only from Rihanna's viewpoint, people from the audience may disagree with the message she is portraying with this video.



Advantages...

  • entertainment aspect appeals to the audience 
  • brings the star more publicity 
  • helps the artist display their thoughts and opinions 
  • brings excitement into the music industry because it breaks the cycle of everything being the same

Disadvantages...

  • can cause harm and offence towards the public 
  • can have an influence on the publics opinion towards things going on in society. 
  • If the reference is not shown in the correct light it could spread negativity amongst viewers.
  • Losing fans is a risk due to the offensive content 
  • Very controversial 

Conclusion...
Personally, i would like to use intertextuality within my own music video because it brings me the opportunity to create something very unique. I believe intertextuality can be used to show history of certain topics but also be linked to the current society with live; the idea of this appeals to me and is something i will experiment with when making my own music video.

Monday, 12 October 2015

Research: History of Music Videos

History of Music Videos.

In today's lesson we researched the way in which music videos came about and how they have changed over time. Earlier years of music videos prove that they were mostly used to promote artists music and give their music a new platform. Nowadays music videos are used to create and build relationships between the artist and their target audience. They are also used as visual art for artists to represent unique ideas, thoughts and feelings that follow their music. 

Key moments in music video history...

Bessie Smith - 1929 
Ms Smith appeared in a two-reel short film entitled Saint Louis blues, this film featured a dramatised performance of the hit song. It was the first video to involve lip syncing but however is still disregarded as the first music video even though it does promote her role in the film and the hit song. 

Disney - 1940 
Walt Disney released animated film "Fantasia" in 1940. The whole film was based around classical pieces of music. Although all songs where accompanied by moving images, it was still not considered as a type of music video because it does not show any marketing techniques. 

What were music videos used for? - 1920's - 40's 
Around this era quite a lot of films were accompanied by moving images, this is especially animated ones. These types of visuals were never considered as music videos since there was no promotional content. They were looked at as basic editing of images for films and musicals. 

Tony Bennett - 1956
Tony's song "Stranger in Paradise" was accompanied by a video that was filmed of him walking through Hyde Park in London. This video was distributed all over televisions in the US and the UK. Distribution like this lead Bennett to believe that he was the first to create a music video. 

The Beatles - 1964
It is arguably said that this video set the basic vocabulary for all of today's music videos. At the time it influenced a large amount of contemporary artists to also create visuals and moving images to go along with their music. 

The Monkees - 1966-68 
The Monkees are from what originally was a TV show. Every episode included special segments that were purposely created to accompany the songs they had made.

Birth of top of the pops - 1966
In this era it was a big thing if your single was given airtime on the Top of the pops, since they had a limit set on the amount of performances they could show in the duration of the time they had. The main idea of having your single displayed on TOTP was to promote and reach out to the artists target audience.

The Beatles using videos for better purposes -1967
The video they created this time borrows elements from films such as, effects, dramatic lighting, camera angles and rhythmic editing. This was more appealing to the audience because there was more of a narrative to their work which made it more interesting to watch. Plus the visuals match the story the lyrics were telling.

Queen - 1975
Queen had created a video to replace a live performance they were unable to attend on TV. It is arguable that The Beatles had created the first music videos but Queen were the first to make one based on the aim of solely promoting their new single. Bohemian Rhapsody was the first to be made in the "video" format. It would be evident that Queen created the first music video because there is no way it could be mistake for a "short promo film".

How videos generally developed - 1970's -80's
The most key element within the development of modern day music videos was the way the video was recorded and the conventions of music video editing processes. In the industry high quality videotape recorders were used along with portable cameras, this enabled people to make and promote videos at a faster pace and it was also cheaper. Along this decade it became a standard thing that artists had singles that they would promote all the time.

MTV - 1981
The first music to be aired on MTV was from Buggles, with the song " Video Killed the Radio Star". From the early to mid 80's, artists started to get more and more sophisticated with the effect they used in their videos. This also includes the story lines/ plots involved within the music video.

Micheal Jackson - Thriller - 1984
MJ's thriller music video was the first to be considered as a short film. It is said that his video took the format of music videos to a completely new level. His video created competition within the industry. Around this time it was also apparent that the content in videos had start to become censored due to controversial aspects and ideas that may come across harmful or offensive to the audience.

MTV and video development -1980's
With the help of MTV music videos grew to play a main role in the marketing of music in the industry. People like Madonna gained great success due to skillful construction of videos with a lot of sex appeal involved in her work. MTV started the "golden era" of music videos so the industry started to be more about an artists appearance rather than their music ability.

I believe that music videos have changed drastically since the first one has been made. I say this because MTV helped birth the 'golden era' which led music videos to evolve into being about appearance and lifestyle and stopped being about the actual music.



Monday, 5 October 2015

Research: Diverse music videos

Diverse Music Videos:

Diverse music videos are usually created to attract niche audiences or to create hype around the artist. Majority of diverse music videos are concept based and are seen in genres such as; contemporary, rock and indie. 

Cunningham..

Cunningham worked with the very famous Bjork on a music video for her song "All is full of love". In this video robots are presented to us as they take action in human activities. Their is a process of Bjork turning into a robot herself and then falling in love with her fellow robot friend. The video shows Bjork in a different light and sheds enlightenment onto her very niche identity. When Bjork was asked why she worked with Cunningham she stated that she believes him and his work are "genius". She believes that her and Cunningham worked together to create a video that suggests the notion of making love and the feelings of love and lust. 

One of the influences on Cunningham that helped create such an epic diverse music video is his background of cultural engineering and he also holds a degree in engineering. When Cunningham was asked about what concerned him most about Bjork's music video he stated that he thought it was going to look "rubbish" and the fact the whilst the making of the video he had to improvise and change things on the spot. 

Another Cunningham video we researched was "Come to Daddy" by the Apex Twins. This video contained male dwarfs dressed as young school girls. They are running around causing trouble and bringing hell to earth. In this video there is no clear star image as it is very chaotic. This video would fit in with a very niche audience as the elements and themes are very unconventional and may confuse a mainstream audience and could possibly cause them discomfort.

The last video made by Cunningham that we researched was also a song that was provided by Apex Twins. The song is entitled "Flex" and involves one male and female character. Within this narrative you see a couple starting of in a very fertile position which represents innocence however it then turns in to aggression and sexual movements. The narrative represents the galaxy shinning on them and the progression of life as humans. There is no star image at all in this video since we don't see the artist at least once. 

Cunningham has had many achievements through his making of diverse music videos. His "All is full of love" video won a MTV VMA for Breakthrough video; it was also nominated for a grammy for best short film. He was the first director to win a Gold pencil at the D+D award for a music video. 

Reoccurring Characteristics from Cunningham...
  • Unclear narratives
  • Hardly any star image 
  • Niche music unless he is approached by an artist with a mainstream target audience
  • Deformity within humans 
  • Lots of low key lighting. 

Michel Gondry...

The first music video we researched from Gondry was the one he created with the band White Stripes, for their song "Hardest button to button. The characters in this video where solely the band which consist of two people. There is not any narrative because the video is mostly concept based. Since it is mostly concept and focuses on the two band members there is an element of star image but it is not heavily relied on throughout the video. 

Secondly we reviewed Gondry's work with Gary Jule for the music video they created for "Mad World". The main characters in this video are the dancers however the dancers help portray a concept based video with repetitive motions and pictures. Star image in this video is not vital but plays a small part as we she the artist several times throughout the song. The audience may find the video boring due to the fact that it is filmed in one whole with no edits or transitions, this can come across quite dull for the spectators. 

Gondry worked with Daft Punk on their music video for "Around the World". The characters in this video where dressed up in various costumes and this video was also concept based. There is not much star image within this video as there are not really any close ups or single shots of the artists. Audiences may find this video appealing as it is colour and strange. 

Lastly we looked at the video that Gondry created for Kylie Minogue's song "Come into my world". For this song the video was also concept based and showed every aspect doubling through the whole duration of the song. Star image was important in this video since we see multiple kylie's and a honest representation of her. The audience may become confused due to the clones and repeating sequences. 

It is evident that in Gondry's work he enjoys creating pattern and constant movements without any breaks. Every single video of his we have done research into shows that all his videos are concept based with almost no narrative. I think his work may come across a bit less diverse compared to Cunningham because his ideas are more "random" rather than Cunningham who comes across extremely discomforting. 

Advantages...
  • Creates hype 
  • Unique 
  • Visually captivating 
  • Unusual directing 
  • Reinvent star image 
  • Entertaining 
  • Mentally challenging 
  • Memorable 
  • Feeds niche audience 
  • Abstract ideas come to life 
Disadvantages... 
  • Ideas are controversial 
  • May confuse the audience 
  • Mostly likely not to attract a mainstream audience 
  • Massive risk in an artists career 
  • Can only be shown after the watershed 
  • Can ruin an artists image 
Personally, i believe that diverse music videos are not a bad thing however they would never work within the mainstream industry. I've reached this opinion due to the disturbing images and unsettling concepts that are involved in making a diverse music video are not suitable or appealing to all audiences. Content in these videos can be harmful and upsetting to some viewers, creating a huge amount of controversy. In my own work I don't think i will be using any ideas as diverse as both of the directors i have looked at but i will say that I'm going to take elements of diversity in music videos and make it my own. 


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Research: Channels


Music channels are important because they are a platform in which the target audience are able to build a stronger bond with the artist. Artist use music channels as a sense of promotion and to display their artistic ideas. They may also use this media type to show the public a new, reinvented side to them. 

Music channels today
Some of the music channels that are still present today:
  • Channel AKA
  • Kiss 
  • 4music 
  • Flava 
  • MTV 
  • Magic
  • Viva 
  • VH1 
  • Capital
As a class we collectively researched MTV and it's sister channels. Whilst doing this we discovered that sister channels are a way of pleasing more than one audience as it is hard for one main channel to do that alone. There are now a variety of sister channels that help support presenting various genres of music. The main MTV channel very rarely shows anything to do with music anymore and focuses on reality shows and celebrity gossip. 

MTV's sistering channels are: 

MTV Hits...
  • Play popular songs 
  • Mainstream music mostly  
  • Show artists such as Taylor Swift, Selena gomez & Jonas Brothers 
  • Target audience of 5-20 years old 
MTV Base... 
  • Dominantly for the urban genre of music so; R&B, Rap, Hip - Hop 
  • Targets audiences ages 16-30 
  • Shows artists such as Beyonce, Usher & Alicia Keys 
MTV Rocks... 
  • Focuses on Rock music 
  • Targets an audience that is aged 16 - 25 
  • The audience is predominantly white males 
  • Shows mostly bands such as Paramore, Foo Fighters, etc. 
MTV Dance...
  • Aimed at an audience that enjoys partying and clubbing 
  • Shows videos that are based around clubbing 
  • For ages 16-30 
  • Shows Artists Such as Naughty Boy & Calvin Harris 
MTV Live...
  • Shows all genres performing live 
  • Appeals to everyone 
  • Live music 24/7
Some genres of music have a niche audience so this leads to there not being a big enough platform for a music channel to carter to. Genres such as Grime, Jazz and Alternative struggle when it comes to creating a hype around their music videos because their distribution is not as big as mainstream musicians because of the lack of music channels that are provided for them. 

Advantages of Music Videos...
  • Promotion of the artists music 
  • Work is put out there for everyone to see
  • Creates a stronger relationship between the artist and their audience 
  • Generates money in the industry 
  • Could create a sweep in between music channels 
Disadvantages of Music Videos...
  • Not as popular as before 
  • Doesn't really provide for niche genres and audiences 
  • Not as many music videos on tv, more reality shows